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The Emerging Role of Cytokines in Breast Cancer: From Initiation to Survivorship

Sonali Jindal, MD, Virginia F Borges, MD, MMSc

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in US women and remains the leading cause of cancer death in women aged 15–54 years. The current understanding of breast cancer supports the concept of multifactorial causation, involving genomic alteration of epithelial cells coupled with an altered microenvironment supportive of tumor growth. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of the tumor, supporting stromal elements, and varying degrees of immune cell infiltration inside and surrounding the tumor. The interaction between the breast tumor and the infiltrating immune cells is the subject of ongoing research and is not yet fully understood, particularly in humans.

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